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As age increases, the body's internal physiological functions gradually decline, which is closely related to the decrease in intracellular NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) levels. NAD+ is a key coenzyme in cell metabolism and participates in many biochemical reactions, including energy metabolism, cell signaling, and DNA repair. In recent years, researchers have discovered that two intermediates of NAD+—nicotinamide riboside (NR) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)—have significant potential in increasing NAD+ levels and improving age-related diseases.
NAD+ was first discovered in 1906, and over the following decades its critical role in redox reactions was gradually recognized. With the deepening of research, the relationship between NAD+ and cellular aging, energy metabolism and specific diseases has gradually become clearer. In particular, NAD+-dependent enzymes, such as PARPs (poly ADP-ribose polymerase) and sirtuins (deacetylase), play important roles in regulating cellular stress responses and metabolic health.
NMN and NR, as precursors of NAD+, have received widespread attention in recent years. Studies have shown that supplementing NMN and NR can increase NAD+ concentrations in various tissues and have preventive and therapeutic effects on improving age-related physiological decline and disease conditions. For example, NMN can be synthesized through NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) and then converted into NAD+, while NR can be directly converted into NMN through NR kinases (NRKs), bypassing the rate-limiting step of NAMPT.
NMN and NR have shown significant therapeutic potential in multiple disease models. For example, in diabetes models, NMN can increase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and improve glucose tolerance. In obesity models, NMN can improve the metabolic function of adipose tissue and increase systemic insulin sensitivity. In addition, NMN has been shown to have multiple benefits including improved heart function, neurological function, and anti-inflammatory properties.
As clinical trials proceed, the application prospects of NMN and NR in human health will become clearer. In the future, we may see practical applications of these NAD+ intermediates in treating metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and extending healthy lifespan.
[1] Yoshino J, Baur J A, Imai S. NAD+ intermediates: the biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR[J]. Cell metabolism, 2018, 27(3): 513-528.
*Special note - This article is for informational purposes only and cannot replace a doctor's treatment diagnosis and advice. It should not be regarded as a recommendation or proof of efficacy of the medical products involved. If it involves disease diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, please be sure to go to a professional medical institution to seek professional advice.
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