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Citicoline, also known as cytidine 5' -choline diphosphate (CDP-choline), is a metabolite that occurs naturally in all living cells and plays a key role in the synthesis of cellular phospholipids. In recent years, citicoline has received a lot of attention for its potential neuroprotective effects. Citicoline has been used in medicine as a drug for decades, and in recent years it has been recognized as a food ingredient by the European Union, so it is freely sold as a food supplement in major markets.
The main mechanism of action of citicoline is related to its metabolic pathway in vivo. Upon ingestion, citicoline is rapidly broken down into choline and cytosine, which then enter their respective normal metabolic pathways. Choline is a precursor to acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter that is essential for learning and memory. Choline is also an important component of phospholipids and myelin. Cytosine is easily converted into uracil in the human body, which has a positive effect on synaptic function and supports the formation of synaptic membranes.
As people age, there is a natural decline in cognitive function, especially memory, due to age-related cognitive changes such as decreased levels of acetylcholine and degeneration of synapses and myelin. Citicoline supplementation is thought to help reverse these early age-related cognitive changes. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have shown that citicoline intake improves the absorption of choline by the brain in older adults, suggesting that it may help improve memory.
In clinical trials, citicoline has a positive effect on memory efficacy in normal middle-aged and elderly people. Similar effects of citicoline on memory index have been observed in patients with mild cognitive impairment and some other neurological disorders. These data provide complex and unequivocal evidence to support the claim that oral citicoline ingestion has a positive effect on memory in people who experience age-related memory impairment.
Citicoline has shown to be well tolerated in decades of medical use, and no major adverse effects have been observed in clinical studies receiving doses of up to 2 grams of Citicoline per day, either by parenteral or oral administration.
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[2] Matteucci A, Varano M, Gaddini L, Mallozzi C, Villa M, Pricci F, Malchiodi-Albedi F. Neuroprotective effects of citicoline in in vitro models of retinal neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Apr 14; 15(4):6286-97. doi: 10.3390/ijms15046286. PMID: 24736780; PMCID: PMC4013628.
[3] Jasielski P, Pi prime del F, Piwek M, Rocka A, Petit V, Rejdak K. Application of Citicoline in Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2020 Oct 12; 12(10):3113. doi: 10.3390/nu12103113. PMID: 33053828; PMCID: PMC7601330.
[4] Piotrowska J, Kryczyk-Poprawa A, Muszynska B, et al. APPLICATION OF CITICOLINE IN SUPPORTING THERAPY OF SELECTED DISEASES[J]. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 2022, 79 (5).
*Special note - This article is for informational purposes only and cannot replace a doctor's treatment diagnosis and advice. It should not be regarded as a recommendation or proof of efficacy of the medical products involved. If it involves disease diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, please be sure to go to a professional medical institution to seek professional advice.
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