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There are hundreds of dietary supplements on the global market that enhance brain health and improve cognitive abilities. In addition to healthy adults seeking to improve memory, these products are targeted at many elderly people who experience cognitive decline as they age. So think about it. What ingredients should you first understand to improve memory and cognitive abilities?
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, researchers investigated the effects of PQQ on cognitive function in adults aged 20-65 years. Participants took PQQ (20 mg/day) for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the participants' comprehensive memory and verbal memory improved. Among them, participants aged 20-40 years showed improved cognitive function after 8 weeks, and participants aged 41-65 years showed improvements in complex memory and verbal memory after 12 weeks. Not just this one trial, multiple studies have shown that dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt can help improve memory, attention, judgment and cognitive abilities in the elderly population.
Citicoline is a potent source of bioavailable choline and cytidine/uridine. Choline deficiency has been linked to memory dysfunction, and magnetic resonance Pop-perspective studies have shown that citicoline intake improves choline response in the brain of older adults. Absorption. According to the researchers' analysis of 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies, overall results showed that citicoline had beneficial effects on memory and behavior, with the treatment group showing significantly improved overall impressions of change compared with placebo, particularly on memory tests. Citicoline has a positive effect on memory.
NMN is an important precursor of NAD+. Studies have shown that the loss of NAD+ in the brain leads to a decrease in the expression of SIRT1, thereby generating excess reactive oxygen species and leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The latest research has found that long-term isoflurane anesthesia in mice will cause oxidative stress and learning and memory impairment. The levels of NAD+ and related proteins in the hippocampus of anesthetized mice are reduced. Pretreatment of mice with NMN can effectively prevent After rats received isoflurane anesthesia for a long time, NAD+ levels and related protein expressions in the hippocampus were reduced, and oxidative stress and cognitive impairment were improved.
At present, NMN has achieved encouraging results in age-related chronic diseases (such as diabetes, cardiovascular problems, and cognitive impairment). It is expected that further research on NMN will provide more clear answers.
[1] Tamakoshi M, Suzuki T, Nishihara E, Nakamura S, Ikemoto K. Pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt improves brain function in both younger and older adults. Food Funct. 2023 Mar 6;14(5):2496-2501. doi: 10.1039/d2fo01515c. PMID: 36807425.
2] Shiojima Y, Takahashi M, Takahashi R, Moriyama H, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Akanuma M. Effect of Dietary Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt on Cognitive Function in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel -Group Study. J Am Nutr Assoc. 2022 Nov-Dec;41(8):796-809. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1962770. Epub 2021 Aug 20. Erratum in: J Am Nutr Assoc. 2022 Aug 2;:1 . PMID: 34415830.
[3] Itoh Y, Hine K, Miura H, Uetake T, Nakano M, Takemura N, Sakatani K. Effect of the Antioxidant Supplement Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt (BioPQQ™) on Cognitive Functions. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;876: 319-325. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3023-4_40. PMID: 26782228.
[4] Świątkiewicz M, Grieb P. Citicoline for Supporting Memory in Aging Humans. Aging Dis. 2023 Aug 1;14(4):1184-1195. doi: 10.14336/AD.2022.0913. PMID: 37196134; PMCID: PMC10389840.
[5] Xu J, Chen X, Liu S, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide pretreatment improves long-term isoflurane anesthesia-induced cognitive impairment in mice[J]. Behavioral Brain Research, 2024, 458: 114738.
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