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NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a crucial coenzyme for cellular function, involved in various physiological processes such as energy metabolism, DNA repair, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging. As age increases, NAD+ levels significantly decline, leading to an increased risk of diseases.
NMN and NR are intermediates in the biosynthesis of NAD+, and they can be supplemented through diet to increase intracellular NAD+ levels, thereby delaying aging and improving health.
NMN: Studies have shown that NMN can significantly increase intracellular NAD+ levels, delay aging, and improve energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and vision. For example, in mice, NMN significantly delayed the process of physiological aging without any apparent toxicity or adverse effects.
NR: NR can also increase NAD+ levels and has effects such as improving cognitive function and protecting cardiovascular and cerebrovascular functions. For example, NR can reduce brain damage caused by stroke, inhibit the spread of liver cancer, and prevent age-related hearing loss.
NMN: In the United States, NMN has been removed from the list of dietary supplements due to requests to develop it as a drug, although there are no food safety issues. Clinical trials have shown that single doses of 100/250/500 mg of NMN are safe and can be effectively metabolized by the human body.
NR: NR is recognized as a "Generally Recognized As Safe" (GRAS) food supplement in the United States. Clinical studies have shown that the maximum safe dose of NR is 2000 mg per day.
NMN: By activating the NAMPT enzyme, NMN can increase NAD+ levels, which in turn activates NAD+-dependent enzymes (such as SIRTs, PARPs, etc.), exerting anti-aging effects.
NR：NR is directly converted to NMN via NR kinases (NRKs) and then further converted to NAD+, bypassing the NAMPT limitation. This makes it a more efficient route for NAD+ supplementation.
NMN: In aging-related diseases (such as Ataxia Telangiectasia A-T), NMN can improve neuropathological features, stimulate neuronal DNA repair, enhance mitochondrial quality, and extend lifespan.
NR: NR has shown positive effects on immune function, memory and cognition, mood, physical performance, and sleep quality. For example, NR can improve cognitive function in AD model mice, reduce Aβ toxicity, and alleviate alcohol-induced depressive-like behavior by modulating the gut microbiota.
NMN: NMN can reduce skin damage caused by ultraviolet rays, decrease inflammatory factors, and increase antioxidant enzyme levels, thereby delaying skin aging.
NR: NR can inhibit melanin production, reduce skin pigmentation, and show potential as a skin whitening agent.
NMN and NR have potential in increasing NAD+ levels, delaying aging, and improving health. There will be more clinical studies in the future to comprehensively understand their long-term effects on human health and to determine the optimal dosages and safety profiles.
Yang X, Lu A, Guan X, et al. An Updated Review on the Mechanisms, Pre‐Clinical and Clinical Comparisons of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)[J]. Food Frontiers, 2024.
*Special note - This article is for informational purposes only and cannot replace a doctor's treatment diagnosis and advice. It should not be regarded as a recommendation or proof of efficacy of the medical products involved. If it involves disease diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, please be sure to go to a professional medical institution to seek professional advice.
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