When the number of free radicals in our body is greater than the number of antioxidants, when the two are out of balance, the free radicals will chemically bind to the body cells and react with other molecules, which is called oxidative stress.
Free radicals, also known as free groups, are groups or atoms with non-even electrons, which are characterized by high chemical reactivity and instability.
Factors such as UVA, UVB, visible light, infrared light, pollutants and psychological stress can induce the production of free radicals in the skin.
Excessive free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage, which accelerates skin aging, wrinkles, and makes skin dry, sensitive, dull and dull.
Plant polyphenol
Plant polyphenols have good performance in scavenging free radicals, among which the most common are tea polyphenols and grape polyphenols.
Grape polyphenols are mild in nature, and its antioxidant properties are relatively advanced in plant polyphenols. It contains many kinds of effective ingredients, which have antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and other effects.
Green tea polyphenols are also more common in antioxidant products, but like grape polyphenols, they are more often combined with other antioxidant components to work together.
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol with strong biological properties, also known as astragalus triphenol. It plays an antioxidant role by scavenging or inhibiting the generation of free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and regulating the activity of antioxidation-related enzymes.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a natural active antioxidant needed by the human body, but it can not be synthesized by itself, and it is also a well-known antioxidant component.
VC has good reducibility, providing electrons to cell molecules, VC can sacrifice itself and be oxidized, thus preventing skin oxidation.
The effective concentration of vitamin C is about 5%, and the concentration of more than 20% and then increasing the concentration effect is not too obvious.
Because pure vitamin C has a certain irritation, it is not recommended that you directly start using high-concentration vitamin C products, it is best to use low-concentration products first, establish skin tolerance, and then gradually increase the amount.
Because vitamin C is very easy to oxidize, you should pay more attention to sun protection during the use of vitamin C to help vitamin C maximize its skin care value.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, penetrates through the skin.
VE in skin care ingredients can neutralize free radicals in lipid cells, slow down tissue cell aging, reduce excessive oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, and accelerate the efficacy of the repair process.
Experiments have shown that applying vitamin E before ultraviolet radiation can effectively reduce the damage of UVA to the skin.
Lipoic acid
Lipoic acid is abundant in the mitochondria of animal cells.
Lipoic acid can remove perhydroxyl radicals, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen, nitric oxide, etc., but can not remove superoxide anions and hydroperoxy groups.
By chelating copper, manganese, zinc and other metal ions, stable chelates were formed to reduce the ascorbate oxidation and lipid peroxidation induced by metal ions.
It can also reduce and regenerate vitamin C and vitamin E through a series of reactions.
EUK-134
EUK-134 is a kind of synthetic small molecule antioxidant and anti-aging active substance, its name: ethyldiiminomethylguaiacol manganese chloride.
EUK-134 has a small molecular weight and can penetrate the skin directly.
EUK13 protects human fibroblasts from cytotoxicity caused by glucose and glucose oxidase.
It can prevent Aβ-induced microglial cell proliferation in vitro.
In SK-N-MC cells, EUK134 protects neuronal cells from H(2)O(2) toxicity by inhibiting the MAPK channel, reduces the expression of pro-apoptotic genes p53 and Bax, and enhances the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 genes.
ergothionein
L-Ergothioneine (EGT, ERGO) is a natural and rare chiral amino acid strong antioxidant, which can effectively remove -OH, chelate iron and copper ions, and prevent H2O2 from forming -OH under the action of iron or copper ions.
It also inhibits the oxidation of copper-dependent oxygenated hemoglobin and the peroxidation of arachidonic acid when myoglobin (or hemoglobin) is mixed with H2O2.
Glutathione antioxidant
glutathione GSH is a tripeptide consisting of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine, which contains sulfhydryl groups.
It can remove free radicals in the body and protect sulfhydryl groups in many proteins and enzymes.
The structure of glutathione contains an active sulfhydryl -SH, which is easily dehydrogenated by oxidation.
When a small amount of H2O2 is produced in the cell, GSH reduces H2O2 to H2O under the action of glutathione peroxidase, and itself is oxidized to GSSG, which receives H to be reduced to GSH under the action of glutathione reductase present in the liver and red blood cells, so that the free radical scavenging reaction in the body can be continued.
Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10, whose name is ubiquinone, is an effective antioxidant and free radical scavenger. It is embedded in the lipid bimolecular of the inner mitochondrial membrane as a part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. After receiving 2 electrons from mitochondrial complex I or Complex II, it becomes an alcohol form and then transfers the electrons to complex III.
Coenzyme Q10 is consumed in large quantities to form alcohol, which is both a potent antioxidant and a moving electron carrier, transferring hydrogen atoms from their hydroxyl groups to lipid peroxidation radicals, thereby reducing lipid peroxide reactions in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
idoben
idebenone, also known as Idebenone, is the English equivalent of IDEbenone, known as the strongest antioxidant component of “individual combat” antioxidant ability.
In this article, Xiaobian has a detailed introduction to the antioxidant king of Idebenzene.
Ferulic acid
The chemical name of ferulic acid is 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, a natural compound widely found in plants and one of the derivatives of cinnamic acid (cinnamic acid).
Ferulic acid can scavenge O2-,.OH and DPPH free radicals. Ferulic acid has a phenolic acid structure and multiple hydroxyl groups can effectively scavenge free radicals to achieve anti-oxidation.
Ferulic acid also has the function of absorbing ultraviolet light.
Silymarin
Silymarin has a strong antioxidant effect, which can reduce the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and leukotriene and increase the content of oxidation dismutase (SOD) in injured brain tissue by eliminating oxygen free radicals, inhibiting the activity of lipid peroxidation and 5-lipoxyase.
The free DPPH clearance rate of 32μmol/L silymarin solution was 23.15%.
From the human test below, it can be seen that continuous use of the product containing silymarin for 56 days can significantly reduce skin wrinkles, and even the neck lines in the most stubborn throat can be significantly diminished.
fullerene
Fullerenes (C60) contain molecules in a football-shaped structure of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons.
Fullerenes are antioxidative by absorbing free radicals, and promoting even free radicals to combine together, and then fall off from fullerenes to form new stable substances.
And then the fullerenes go back to their original state, and they can continue to adsorb free radicals.
In this process, fullerene acts as a catalyst, does not lose itself, and has a very durable antioxidant capacity.
astaxanthin
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid, and its antioxidant function is mainly embodied in quenching singlet oxygen and scavenging free radicals.
Reduce cell membrane permeability and limit the penetration of oxidant promoters into cells;
Improve the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase;
Reduce oxidative damage of DNA and inhibit lipid peroxidation.
Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Orgotein (Superoxide Dismutase), also known as liver protein, is a free radical scavenger originating from living organisms. It is widely present in various tissues of organisms and can remove the free radical O2(superoxide anion radical).
Superoxide anion as a harmful substance reacts with hydrogen ion under the action of SOD to produce hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen ionization reaction under the action of catalase, and finally produce a harmless substance to the human body – water.
White pond flower seed oil
The biggest feature of the oil is that it contains more than 98% long-chain fatty acids. Unlike most polyunsaturated fatty acids, the dienoic acid of the oil contains non-methylene groups with broken double bonds at the C-5 and C-1-3 positions.
The autoxylation stability of this rare acid together with monoenoic acid has been shown to be more stable than the common fatty acids found in other vegetable oils, making it one of the most antioxidant vegetable oils.
